Infertility: Scientific References

Abou-Donia MB, HG Suliman, WA Khan and AA Abdel-Rahman. 2003. Testicular germ-cell apoptosis in stressed rats following combined exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, N-diethyl m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2003;66:57-73.

Achermann J, Ozisik G, Meeks J, Jameson J. 2002. Genetic causes of human reproductive disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(6):2447-2454.


Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1993. Toxicological profile for lead. Atlanta, GA: Us Dept of Health and Human Services, ATSDR.

Andersen, AG, TK Jensen, E Carlsen, N Jørgensen, AM Andersson, T Krarup, N Keiding and NE Skakkebæk. 2000. High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men. Human Reproduction 15(2): 366-372.

Auger J, Kunstmann J, Czyglik E, Jouannet P. 1995. Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. New Engl J Med 332:281-285.


Augood C, Duckitt K, Templeton A. 1998. Smoking and female infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reprod 13:1532-1539.


Bergstrom R, Adami H-O, Mohner M, et al. 1996. Increase in testicular cancer incidence in six European countries: a birth cohort phenomenon. J Natl Cancer Inst. 88:727-733,


Bosco M, Figa-Talamanca I, Salerno S. 1986. Health and reproductive status of female workers in dry cleaning shops. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59:295-301.

Bonde, JPE, E Ernst, TK Jensen, NHI Hjollund, H Kolstad, TB Henriksen, T Scheike, A Giwercman, Jørn Olsen and NE Skakkebæk. 1998. Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners. Lancet 352:1172-1177.


Bujan L, Mansat A, Pontonnier F, Mieusset R. 1996. Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulousse, France between 1977 and 1992. Brit M J 312:471-472.


Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek N. 1992. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during the past 50 years. Br Med J 305:609-613.

Cavieres, MF, J Jaeger and W Porter. 2002. Developmental Toxicity of a Commercial Herbicide Mixture in Mice: I. Effects on Embryo Implantation and Litter Size. Environmental Health Perspectives 110: 1081-1085.


Chandra A, Stephen E. 1998. Impaired fecundity in the United States: 1982-1995. Fam Planning Perspect 30(1):34-42.


United States Government. 2002. The National Children's Study. http://nationalchildrensstudy.gov/


Clark M, Renehan B, Jeffers B. 1997. Clinical use and potential biohazards of nitrous oxide/oxygen. Gen Dent 45:486-491.


Cramer D, Wise L. 2000. The epidemiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med 18(4):331-339.


De Cock J, Westveer K, Heederik D, et al. 1994. Time to pregnancy and occupational exposure to pesticides in fruit growers in the Netherlands. Occup Environ Med 51:693-699.


Donaldson D, Meechan J. 1995. The hazards of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide: an update. Br Dent J 178(3):95-100.


Duty, SM, NP Singh, MJ Silva, DB Barr, JW Brock, L Ryan, RF Herrick, DC Christiani and R Hauser 2003. The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environmental Health Perspectives: doi:10.1289/ehp.5756.

Eskenazi B, Fenster L, Hudes M, et al. 1991. A study of the effects of perchloroethylene exposure on the reproductive outcomes of wives of dry-cleaning workers. Am J Ind Med 20:593-600.


Evers J. Female subfertility. 2002. Lancet 360:151-159.


Falk H, Kaufman S. 1950. What constitutes a normal semen? Fertil Steril 1:489-503.


Farris E. 1949. The number of motile spermatozoa as an index of fertility in man: a study of 406 semen specimens. J Urol 61:1099-1104.


Fisch H, Goluboff E, Olson J, et al. 1996. Semen analyses in 1283 men from the United States over a 25-year period: no decline in quality. Fertil Steril 65:1009-1014.


Fisch H, Goluboff E. 1996. Geographical variations in sperm counts: a potential cause of bias in studies of semen quality. Fertil Steril 65:1044-1046.


Foresta C, Ferlin A, Gianaroli L, Dallapiccola B. 2002. Guidelines for the appropriate use of genetic tests in infertile couples. Eur J Hum Genet 10(5):303-312.


Gerhard I, Monga B, Krahe J, et al. 1999. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in infertile women. Environ Res 80:299-310.


Giusti R, Iwamato K, Hatch E. 1995. Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long term health effects. Ann Intern Med 122:778-788.

Hakim, RB, RH Gray, H Zacur, J Gehret and B Smith. 1995. Infertility and Early Pregnancy Loss. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172: 1510-17.


Hatasaka H. 2000. Immunologic factors in infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43(4):83-843.


Herbst A, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer D. 1971. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Engl J Med 284(15):878-881.

Hotchkiss R. 1938. Semen analysis of two hundred fertile men. Amer J of Med Science 196:362.


Hruska K, Furth P, Seifer D, et al. 2000. Environmental factors in infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43(4):821-829.


Hruska K, Furth P, Seifer D, et al. 2000. Environmental factors in infertility. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43(4):821-829. Table adapted and expanded from this work.


Irvine D, Cawood E, Richardson D, et al. 1996. Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the UK: birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years. Br Med J 312:476-481.


Irvine D. 1998. Epidemiology and aetiology of male infertility. Hum Repro 13(suppl 1):33-44.


Irvine S. Changes in human male reproductive health. 1999. In: Male Fertility and Infertility. Eds: Glover T, Barratt C. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

Jensen, TK, Carlsen, E, Jørgensen, N, Berthelsen, JG, Keiding, N, Christensen, K, Petersen, JH, Knudsen, LB and Skakkebæk, NE. 2002. Poor semen quality may contribute to recent decline in fertility rates. Human Reproduction 17(6): 1437-1440.


Kersemaekers W, Roeleveld N, Zielhuis G. 1995. Reproductive disorders due to chemical exposure among hairdressers. Scand J Work Environ Health 21:699-713.


Kyyronen P, Taskinen H, Lindbohn M, et al. 1989. Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among women exposed to tetrachlorethylene in dry cleaning. J Epidemiol Com Health 43:346-351.


Lerda D, Rizzi R. 1991. Study of reproductive function in persons occupationally exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). Mutat Res 262:47-50.


Lindbohm M, Hemminki K, Bonhomme M, et al. 1991. Effects of paternal occupational exposures on spontaneous abortions. Am J Pub Health 81:1029-1033.


Lindbohm M, Kyyronen P, Hemminki K, et al. 1994. Laboratory work and pregnancy outcome. J Occup Med 36:311-319.


Lindbohm M, Taskinen H, Sallmen M, et al. 1990. Spontaneous abortions among women exposed to organic solvents. Am J Ind Med 17:449-463.


Liu S, Wen SW, Mao Y, Mery L, Rouleau J. 1999. Birth cohort effects underlying the increasing testicular cancer incidence in Canada. Can J Public Health 90(3):176-80.

Longnecker, MP, MA Klebanoff, H Zhou, JW Brock. 2001. Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth. The Lancet 358: 110-114.


McKiernan JM, Goluboff ET, Liberson GL, Golden R, Fisch H. 1999. Rising risk of testicular cancer by birth cohort in the United States from 1973-1995. J Urol 162(2):361-363.


Moller H, Prener A, Skakkebaek N. 1996. Testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, testicular atrophy, and genital malformations: case control studies in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control, 7:264-274.


National Research Council. 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. Washington: National Academy Press.


Nelson C, Bunge R. 1974. Semen analysis: evidence for changing parameters of male fertility. Fertil Steril 25:503-507.


Ng T, Foo S, Yoong T. 1992. Risk of spontaneous abortion in workers exposed to toluene. Br J Ind Med 49:804-808.


Nudell D, Turek P. 2000. Genetic causes of male infertility: current concepts. Curr Urol Rep 1(4):273-281.


Oliva A, Spira A, Multiger L. 2001. Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod 16(8):1768-1776.


Olsen J, Rachootin P, Schiodt A, et al. 1983. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infertility. Int J Epidemiol 12:179-184.


Pastides H, Calabrese E, Hosmer D, Harris D. 1988. Spontaneous abortion and general illness symptoms among semiconductor manufacturers. J Occup Med 30:543-551.


Paulozzi L, Erickson J, Jackson R. 1997. Hypospadia trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics 100:831-834.


Paulozzi L. 1999. International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect 107:297-302.


Paulsen C, Berman N, Wang C. 1996. Data from men in greater Seattle area reveals no downward trend in semen quality: further evidence that deterioration of semen quality is not geographically uniform. Fertil Steril 65:1015-1020.


Plenge-Bonig A, Karmus W. 1999. Exposure to toluene in the printing industry is associated with subfecundity in women but not in men. Occup Environ Med 56:443-448.


Potashnik G, Porath A. 1995. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): a 17-year reassessment of testicular function and reproductive performance. J Occup Environ Med 37(11):1287-1292.


Ratcliffe J, Schrader S, Steenland K, et al. 1987. Semen quality in papaya workers with long-term exposures to ethylene dibromide. Br J Ind Med 44:317-326.


Rom W. 1976. Effects of lead on the female and reproduction: a review. Mt Sinai J Med 43:542-552.

Ryan, JJ, Z Amirova and G Carrier. 2002. Sex Ratios of Children of Russian Pesticide Producers Exposed to Dioxin. Environmental Health Perspectives 110:A699-A701.


Sallmen M, Lindbohm M, Kyyronen P. 1995. Reduced fertility among women exposed to organic solvents. Am J Ind Med 27:699-713.


Schettler T, Solomon G, Valenti M, Huddle A. 1999. Generations at risk: reproductive health and the environment. Cambridge: MIT Press. See for a review.


Schettler T, Solomon G, Valenti M, Huddle A. 1999. Generations at risk: reproductive health and the environment. (Chapter 4) Cambridge: MIT Press


Schettler T, Solomon G, Valenti M, Huddle A. 1999. Generations at risk: reproductive health and the environment. (Chapter 5) Cambridge: MIT Press.


Sharara F, Seifer D, Flaws J. 1998. Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 70:613-622.


Sharpe R. 2000. Lifestyle and environmental contribution to male infertility. Br Med Bull 56(3):630-642.


Silva P, Cool J, Olson K. 1999. Impact of lifestyle choices on female infertility. J Reprod Med 44:288-296.


Skakkeb
æk NE. 2002. Endocrine disrupters and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Horm Res 57(Suppl 2):43.

Skakkebæk, NE, E Rajpert-De Meyts and KM Main. 2001. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Human Reproduction 16:972-978.


Smith E, Hammonds-Ehlers M, Clark M, et al. 1997. Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility. J Occup Environ Med 39:138-147.


Speroff L, Glass R, Kase N. 1994. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.


Suzuki T, Kashimura Sm Umetsu K. 1983. Thinner abuse and aspermia. Med Sci Law 23:199-202.


Svensson B-G, Nise G, Erfurth E-M, et al. 1992. Hormone status in occupational toluene exposure. Am J Ind Med 22:99-107.


Swan, SH, EP Elkin and L Fenster. 1997. Have sperm densities declined? A reanalysis of global trend data. Environmental Health Perspectives 105(11):1228-1232.

Swan, Shanna H, and Eric P Elkin. 1999. Declining semen quality: can the past inform the present? BioEssays 21:614-621.

Swan, SH, EP Elkin and L Fenster. 2000. The Question of Declining Sperm Density Revisited: An Analysis of 101 Studies Published 1934-1996. Environmental Health Perspectives 108:961-966


Tas S, Lauwerys R, Lison D. 1996. Occupational hazards for the male reproductive system. Crit Rev Toxicol 26:261-307.


Taskinen H, Kyyronen P, Sallmen M, et al. 1999. Reduced fertility among female wood workers exposed to formaldehyde. Am J Ind Med 36(1):206-212.


Van Waeleghem K, De Clercq N, Vermeulen L, et al. 1996. Deterioration of sperm quality in young health Belgium men. Hum Reprod 11:325-329.


Vierula M, Niemi M, Keiski A, et al. 1996. High and unchanged sperm counts of Finnish men. Intl J Androl 19:11-17.


Vine MF. 1996. Smoking and male reproduction: a review. Int J Androl 19:323-337.


Warburton D. 1987. Reproductive loss: how much is preventable? New Engl J Med 316:158-160.


Welch L, Schrader S, Turner T, et al. 1988. Effects of exposure to ethylene glycol ethers on shipyard painters: II. Male reproduction. Am J Ind Med 14:509-526.


Wilcox A, Weiberg C, O’Connor J, et al. 1988. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 319:189-194.


Winder C. 1989. Reproductive and chromosomal effects of occupational exposure to lead in the male. Reprod Toxicol 3:221-233.


Windham G, Shusterman D, Swan S, et al. 1991. Exposure to organic solvents and adverse pregnancy outcome. Am J Ind Med 20:241-259.


Yasuda Y, Kihara T, Tanimura T. 1985. Effect of ethinyl estradiol on the differentiation of mouse fetal testis. Teratology 32:113-118.